2006 maintenance of social solidarity - instance 5 SCAPE 2006 Biennial of Art in Public Space. Organized by the Art & Industry Biennial Trust', Christchurch Art Gallery, CHCH, September - November
et al. social solidarity 4 page tabloid, 42gsm newsprint, 4 pages colour, 10,000 copies. Printed and distributed on the occasion of et al. maintenance of social solidarity - instance 5 SCAPE 2006 Biennial of Art in Public Space.
The two types of solidarity can be distinguished by morphological and demographic features, type of norms in existence, and the intensity and content of the conscience collective.[4]
Mechanical and organic solidarity[5]
FeatureMechanical solidarityOrganic solidarity
Morphological (structural) basisBased on resemblances (predominant in less advanced societies)
Segmental type (first clan-based, later territorial)
Little interdependence (social bonds relatively weak)
Relatively low volume of population
Relatively low material and moral densityBased on division of labour (predominately in more advanced societies)
Organized type (fusion of markets and growth of cities)
Much interdependency (social bonds relatively strong)
Relatively high volume of population
Relatively high material and moral density
Types of norms (typified by law)Rules with repressive sanctions
Prevalence of penal law
Rules with restitutive sanctions
Prevalence of cooperative law (civil, commercial, procedural, administrative and constitutional law)
Formal features of conscience collectiveHigh volume
High intensity
High determinateness
Collective authority absoluteLow volume
Low intensity
Low determinateness
More room for individual initiative and reflection
Content of conscience collectiveHighly religious
Transcendental (superior to human interests and beyond discussion)
Attaching supreme value to society and interests of society as a whole
Concrete and specificIncreasingly secular
Human-orientated (concerned with human interests and open to discussion)
Attaching supreme value to individual dignity, equality of opportunity, work ethic and social justice
Abstract and general
